The Qt 4 Style API

General Overview

The QStyle class is an abstract base class that encapsulates the look and feel of a GUI. Qt's built-in widgets use it to perform nearly all of their drawing, ensuring that they look exactly like the equivalent native widgets.

Most draw functions now take four arguments:

• an enum value specifying which graphical element to draw
• a QStyleOption specifying how and where to render that element
• a QPainter that should be used to draw the element
• a QWidget on which the drawing is performed (optional)

The style gets all the information it needs to render the graphical element from QStyleOption. The widget is passed as the last argument in case the style needs it to perform special effects (such as animated default buttons on Mac OS X), but it isn't mandatory. In fact, QStyle can be used to draw on any paint device, not just widgets, by setting the QPainter properly.

Thanks to QStyleOption, it is now possible to make QStyle draw widgets without linking in any code for the widget. This is how Qt's built-in styles can draw Qt 3 widgets such as Q3ListView without necessarily linking against the Qt3Support library. Another significant benefit of the new approach is that it's now possible to use QStyle's draw functions on other widgets than the built-in widgets; for example, you can draw a combobox on any widget, not just on a QComboBox.

QStyleOption has various subclasses for the various types of graphical elements that can be drawn, and it's possible to create custom subclasses. For example, the QStyle::PE_FrameFocusRect element expects a QStyleOptionFocusRect argument. This is documented for each enum value.

When reimplementing QStyle functions that take a QStyleOption parameter, you often need to cast the QStyleOption to a subclass (e.g., QStyleOptionFocusRect). For safety, you can use qstyleoption_cast() to ensure that the pointer type is correct. If the object isn't of the right type, qstyleoption_cast() returns 0. For example:

    const QStyleOptionFocusRect *focusRectOption =
            qstyleoption_cast<const QStyleOptionFocusRect *>(option);
    if (focusRectOption) {
        ...
    }

For performance reasons, there are few member functions and the access to the variables is direct. This "low-level" feel makes the structures use straightforward and emphasizes that these are simply parameters used by the style functions. In addition, the caller of a QStyle function usually creates QStyleOption objects on the stack. This combined with Qt's extensive use of implicit sharing for types such as QString, QPalette, and QColor ensures that no memory allocation needlessly takes place. (Dynamic memory allocation can be an expensive operation, especially when drawing very often in a short time.)

    void MyWidget::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event)
    {
        QPainter painter(this);
        ...

        QStyleOptionFocusRect option(1);
        option.init(this);
        option.backgroundColor = palette().color(QPalette::Background);

        style().drawPrimitive(QStyle::PE_FrameFocusRect, &option, &painter,
                              this);
    }

    class CustomStyle : public QWindowsStyle
    {
        Q_OBJECT

    public:
        CustomStyle() {}
        ~CustomStyle() {}

        void drawPrimitive(PrimitiveElement element, const QStyleOption *option,
                           QPainter *painter, const QWidget *widget) const;
    };

    void CustomStyle::drawPrimitive(PrimitiveElement element, const QStyleOption *option,
                                    QPainter *painter, const QWidget *widget) const
    {
        if (element == PE_IndicatorSpinUp || element == PE_IndicatorSpinDown) {
            QPointArray points(3);
            int x = option->rect.x();
            int y = option->rect.y();
            int w = option->rect.width() / 2;
            int h = option->rect.height() / 2;
            x += (option->rect.width() - w) / 2;
            y += (option->rect.height() - h) / 2;

            if (element == PE_IndicatorSpinUp) {
                points[0] = QPoint(x, y + h);
                points[1] = QPoint(x + w, y + h);
                points[2] = QPoint(x + w / 2, y);
            } else { // PE_SpinBoxDown
                points[0] = QPoint(x, y);
                points[1] = QPoint(x + w, y);
                points[2] = QPoint(x + w / 2, y + h);
            }

            if (option->state & Style_Enabled) {
                painter->setPen(option->palette.mid().color());
                painter->setBrush(option->palette.buttonText());
            } else {
                painter->setPen(option->palette.buttonText().color());
                painter->setBrush(option->palette.mid());
            }
            painter->drawPolygon(points);
        } else {
            QWindowsStyle::drawPrimitive(element, option, painter, widget);
        }
    }

    void drawControl(ControlElement element,
                     QPainter *painter,
                     const QWidget *widget,
                     const QRect &rect,
                     const QColorGroup &colorGroup,
                     SFlags how = Style_Default,
                     const QStyleOption &option = QStyleOption::Default) const;

    void drawControl(ControlElement element,
                     const QStyleOption *option,
                     QPainter *painter,
                     const QWidget *widget = 0) const;